Water Scarcity, Cause of Conflict in Kenya

(guest writer) Francis Njuguna

World Water Day which is held annually (March 22^nd) to focus attention on importance of freshwater and advocate for sustainable management of water resources.

The 2017 theme was ‘Water and Wastewater’; in support of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.3 on improving water quality and reducing, treating and reusing wastewater. The theme intended to build on previous World Water days by highlighting the mutually beneficial relationship between water and wastewater for sustainability and development.

As we celebrated the day, majority of Kenyans are facing starvation brought about by lack of water with the most affected being the pastrolist communities who have been forced to seek water and pasture for their livestock in far off places. This made the pastrolists encroach on wildlife conservancies and other communities’ land. The encroachment led to bloody confrontations, death and loss of property. And it’s all because of water scarcity.

The 2014 Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) show that seven in ten households have an improved source of drinking water. This situation remains the same as shown by data from Twaweza’s latest opinion poll on water and sanitation. In the KDHs survey, 9 in 10 households in urban areas have improved drinking water compared to 59 percent of households in rural areas. The survey also note that it takes 30 minutes or longer to obtain drinking water for more than one quarter of households in Kenya.

Uwezo Kenya Annual Learning Assessment of 2015 shows that 54 percent of villages in Kenya do not have a protected water point. The data also established that 32 percent of public primary schools do not have a water source within the school compound and yet, for those with water source within the school compound, they actually don’t have water throughout the year. A worrying fact is that average walking time to and from water source for 12 percent of the schools is at least 30 minutes.

The Uwezo Kenya data also indicates that only 22 percent of households in Kenya have access to piped water. Twenty six percent of households in Kenya fetch water from the river, 8 percent buy water from vendors with a similar percentage depending on rainwater while 34 percent have either a shallow well or borehole as their main source of water. The 2015 Uwezo Kenya assessment data also shows that 35 percent of Kenyans do not treat drinking water.

These grim statistics demonstrate that we have a long way to go in regard to water accessibility and availability in Kenya’s households and schools. Making water accessible to all citizens as envisaged by Vision 2030 is not a walk in the park. It requires re-strategizing and allocation of more money in the right places that will support water infrastructural developments for underserved areas.

All over the world, majority of wastewater from our homes, towns, industries and agriculture flows back to nature without being treated or reused. This pollute water for drinking and irrigation by losing valuable nutrients and other recoverable materials necessary for agriculture. Reducing, safely treating and reusing wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture will protect workers, farmers and consumers from communicable diseases and promote food security, health and wellbeing.

With so many fresh water bodies and fresh rivers flowing across the republic, it is a high time that both the national and devolved government systems accelerate water accessibility to all and especially the pastoralist communities. This will go a long way in minimizing conflicts brought about by lack of water during dry spells. The government should invest to ensure that every Kenyan consumes clean water. It has been possible to connect every school in Kenya to the national power grid. It is also time the government embarked on ensuring that our children in schools have reliable clean drinking water.

These are grave concerns which require urgent attention as the 34^th President of the United States of America, Dwight D. Eisenhower, noted - among the treasures of our land is water; fast becoming our most valuable, most prized, most critical resource. A blessing where properly used but it can bring devastation and ruin when left uncontrolled.

Francis Njuguna is a researcher with Twaweza East Africa. For feedback, send an email to fnjuguna@twaweza.org